IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


o^ 


t^KJ^XJ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notas  tachniquaa  et  bibliographiquas 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  ae  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculde 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


D 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  blwue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reiii  avec  d'auires  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  lo  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  cas  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmdes. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  ati  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-itre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
un«  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  axiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


I      j    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


□  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

r~7  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxeo/ 

o^  Pages  ddcolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piqu^es 

r~n  Pages  detached/ 

I — I  Pages  ddtachees 

r^l  Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualiti  indgale  de  I'impression 

includes  supplementary  materi£ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

j      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I    Only  edition  available/ 


n 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  pzr  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  peiure, 
etc.,  cnt  it6  film^es  it  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduc  ion  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  r4duction  indiqui  ci  dessous. 
lOX  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


y 


16X 


I 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmad  bw  has  b««n  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Department  of  Rare  Booki 
and  Special  Collectk>ns, 
McGill  University,  Montreal. 

Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
poaaibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  !n  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covara  mn  filmad 
baginnSng  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  iliustratad  improa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  iliustratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  ending  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  :!Jiustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — i»>(maaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 

Mapa,  plataa,  charts,  ate,  may  ba  filmod  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratioa.  Thoaa  too  larga  to  ba 
entiraly  inciudad  In  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppnr  laft  hand  comar,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framas  aa 
raquir«^  J.  Tha  following  diagrama  illuatrata  tha 
mathod: 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grAca  A  la 
ginirositi  da: 

Department  of  Rare  Books 

and  Special  Collections, 
■  McGill  University,  IMontreal. 

Laa  imagM  suivantaa  ont  ttt  reproduitaa  avac  la 
plus  grand  soln,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  I'exempieira  fiimd,  at  an 
conformiti  avac  laa  conditiona  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Laa  axampiairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  ast  imprimte  sont  fiimAs  an  commaneant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  suit  par  la 
durnikn  paga  qui  ccmporta  una  emprainta 
d'lmpraasion  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  •xemplairas 
originaux  sont  filmte  an  commandant  par  la 
pramiAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'lmprasaion  ou  d'llluatration  ai:  an  tarminant  par 
la  darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  taiia 
ampra<nta. 

Un  daa  symbolaa  suivants  appiiTsftra  sur  la 
damiAra  imaga  da  ehaqua  mioroficha,  salon  la 
caa:  la  symbola  — ^  signifia  "A  SUIVRE ',  la 
symbola  ▼  signitia  "FIN". 

Laa  cartaa.  pianchas.  tablaaux.  ate,  pauvant  itra 
filmte  i  doa  taux  da  rMuction  diff«rants. 
Lorsqua  la  documant  ast  trop  grand  pour  itra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  cliche,  il  ast  filmd  i  partir 
da  I'angia  sup4riaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  d  droita. 
at  da  haut  9n  baa.  an  pranant  la  nombre 
d'Imagas  n^assairc.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illuatrant  la  mithoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

.VVy 


M?QILL 

UNIVERSliy 
LIBRARY 


Uliltl. 


n     ,,.  {II 


il,    ' 

il    >ll 


ACC.  NO. 


DATA 


111.  '  '    'I 
Ij ! ,  <  Ml  I 


I'ii 


L'jll.     -    v5     '-^      A. 


NOTICE 


:ii!iUi!r 


Of 


Sm  William  Edmond  Logan. 


FROM 


'I 


The  Rkpokt  of  run  Council  of  tiik  Aukkican  Acadkmy 
I  OP  Arts  and  Sciences,  Mat,  187G. 


/    it 


"■'^^^ 


«»io 


v. 


CAMBRIDGE: 

PRESS   OF   JOHN   WILSON    AND    SON. 

1876. 


if 


iZi 


'n^fM4i' 


■^i 


Sll 


Siu  Wi 

Ciinada,  in 
Wales,  Jill 
tiuction  ill 
allst  stock, 
left  the  n 
then  remo 
treal,  carrj 
late  associ: 
uncle  of  ]\ 
transferred 
the  former 
cumstaiice 
of  s})eakii) 
Montreal, 
Edinburgii 
ing-house  ( 
devoting  n 
to  music  ai 
In  1829,1 
establishm 
Loijan  reu 
nnie  years 
study  of  t 
and  he  ma 
by  him  to 
oal  survey 
region,  tlit 
ment,  and. 


mmn 


Sill  WILLIAM   EDMOND  LOGAN. 


Siu  William  Edmond  Lo(;an,  Knight,  was  born  in  Montreal, 
Canada,  in  17'.»8,  and  died  at  Castle  IMalgwyn,  Llecliryd,  in  South 
Wales,  June  22,  1875.  Like  so  many  others  who  have  attained  dis- 
tinction in  liritish  North  America,  J^ogan  was  descended  from  a  loy- 
alist stock,  one  of  those  faniiliiis  who,  adhering  to  the  British  crown, 
left  the  revolted  colonies  a  hundred  years  since.  His  grandfather 
then  removed  from  the  neighborhood  of  Schenectady,  N.Y.;  to  Mon- 
treal, carrying  with  him  two  sons,  one  of  whom  was  the  father  of  our 
late  associate.  Tliey  were  of  Scottis.x  origin  ;  and  when  the  father  and 
uncle  of  Mr.  Logan  had  gained  wealth  in  commercial  pursuits,  and 
transferred  their  business  as  merchants  and  bankers  to  Great  Britain, 
the  former  jjurchased  a  small  estate  near  Stirling  in  Scotland,  a  cir- 
cumstance which  has  led  one  of  his  English  biographers  into  the  error 
of  sjjeaking  of  Mr.  Logan  as  a  Scotchman.  His  education,  begun  in 
Montreal,  was  continued  at  the  High  School  and  the  University  of 
ICdinburgh  ;  but  we  find  him  already  at  the  age  of  twenty  in  the  count- 
ing-house of  his  uncle  in  Londo'.:,  where  he  remained  for  ten  years, 
devoting  much  of  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  natural  history,  as  well  as 
to  music  and  painting,  in  both  of  which  he  was  a  successful  amateur. 
In  1821),  his  uncle  having  acquired  an  interest  in  a  copper-smelting 
establishment,  with  some  coal  lauds,  at  Swansea  in  South  Wales, 
Loiian  removed  there  to  assume  their  direction,  where  he  remained  for 
nine  years,  becoming  a  successful  coi)per-smelter  and  coal-miner.  The 
study  of  the  coal-field  of  the  neighborhood  here  engaged  his  attention, 
and  he  made  of  it  a  very  careful  and  minute  map,  which  was  presented 
by  him  to  tlie  British  Association  in  1837.  When,  later,  the  geologi- 
cal survey  of  Groat  Britain  under  De  la  Beche  was  extended  to  this 
region,  the  work  of  Logan  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  govern- 
ment, and,  its  exactness  having  been  verified,  was  adopted  and  pub- 


1 


_|P, 


lisliod  by  tho  survey.  In  the  course  of  tlieso  labors,  lie  m:i(l(>  cixrefu. 
studies  as  to  tlu^  relations  of  the  stigniariai  constantly  found  in  tho 
clays  which  immediately  underlie  the  coal-beds,  and  in  1840  brought 
this  matter  before  the  Geological  Society  of  London,  announcing  the 
conclusion  that  the  stiginaria?  belonged  to  the  plants  which  had  fur- 
nished at  least  a  large  part  of  the  coal.  It  was  afterwards  shown  that 
other  observers  hati  already  indicated  a  similar  relation,  and  that 
ISIanunatt,  from  his  studies  of  the  coal-field  of  Ashby-de-Ia-Zouche, 
liad  ill  iy;5G  maintained  that  the  coal  was  the  product  of  a  vigeftitiou 
in  sIlK,  rooted  in  the  under-clay.  To  Logan  is,  however,  due  the 
credit  of  careful  and  original  observations  on  the  subji'ct,  which  he  sub- 
sequently extended  to  the  coai-lields  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Pennsylvania, 
which  were  visited  by  him  in  184L  In  1842,  he  was  offered  the 
direction  of  a  geological  survey  of  Canada,  which  he  accepted,  begin- 
ning his  work  in  the  spring  of  1843.  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  Alexander 
JNlurray,  now  director  of  the  geological  survey  of  Newfoundland.  It 
was  not  till  four  years  later  that  he, was  joined  by  Dr.  T.  Sterry 
Hunt.  The  labors  of  Logan  fi)r  1843  and  1844  were  directed  to  the 
coal  basin  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  and  to  the  paleozoic 
formations  of  the  adjacent  peninsula  of  (iaspe,  and  iiududed  his  study 
of  the  now  famous  section  of  the  .Joggins  at  the  head  of  the  JJay  of 
Fundy,  w'lere  over  14,000  feet  of  coal  measures,  including  seventy -six 
coal  seams,  are  displayed  in  unbroken  seipicnce.  In  184;'),  his  atten- 
tion was  turned  to  the  more  ancient  rocks  whicli  appear  on  the 
Ottawa  River  ami  its  tributaries;  and  in  184(5  he  made  with  Mr. 
Murray  a  preliminary  survey  of  the  geology  of  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior. 

It  is  with  the  ancient  crystalline  rocks  that  his  mnne  will  be  chiefly 
associate<l,  and  especially  with  tlu;  formations  since  called  Laurentian 
andlluronian;  and  it  may  be  well  iu  tiiis  connection  to  state  briefly 
the  results  of  their  examination  by  the  Canadian  survey,  which  now 
belong  to  the  history  of  geological  science.  X'le  gneissic  character  of 
the  crystalline  rocks  which  were  known  to  underlie  the  paleozoic  for- 
mations in  northern  New  York  and  Canada  had  long  been  recognized  ; 
but  the  i)revalent  view  with  regard  to  such  gneissic  rocks,  both  there  ' 
and  elsewhere,  was  that  expressed  by  Emmons,  who  had  carefully 
studied  them  in  tlus  first-named  region,  that  they  were  igneous  or 
fire-formed  rocks,  the  laminated  sti'ucture  of  which  is  not  due  to 
the  intervention  of  water.  He  maintained  that  they  were  in  no  sense 
of  sedimentary  origin,  and  included  no  sedimentary  layers,  a  view  to 
which   some   recent   writers   still   incline.      In   the   fii'st  year   of   the 


Canadian 

1844),   hii 

clan-d  tha 

Adirondai 

to  be  rega 

term  whic 

mentary  si 

the  same 

1847,  thej 

parently  o 

limestones 

upon   thes 

report  a  in 

underlyiuij 

rior  in  18-1 

indicated  u 

upper  one 

epidote,  as 

and  conglt 

series  bein 

In  their 

Foster  anc 

the  two   d 

sedimentar 

established 

se[)arate  dt 

lished  in    ; 

lower  forn 

the  north-v 

Mountains 

since  been 

of  the  Brit 

by  the  Ca 

okaracteriz 

largely  dev 

it  fiad  been 

and  constiti 

The  sub 

the  regular 

measured  :i 

rated  by  t 


Canadian  survey,  liowover,  Mr.  Murray  (in  his  report  publisliorl  in 
1844),  having  studied  tlu'sc  rocks  to  tiio  north  of  Lake  Ontario,  de- 
dared  that  these  granites  and  gneisses  (the  extension  of  those  of  tlio 
Adiron(hicks)  "present  evidences  of  stratification,"  and  were  llierefore 
to  be  regarded  not  as  primary,  hut  ratiuir  as  "  metaniorpliie  "  rocks ;  a 
term  wliich  liad  been  proposed  i)y  Lyel!  to  designate  crystalline  sedi- 
mentary strata.  In  the  subsecpient  rcsport  of  Logan,  who  examined 
the  same  rocks  on  the  Ottawa  in  184'>,  and  published  his  report  in 
1847,  they  were  again  described  as  "  inetamorphic  rocks,  ....  ap- 
parently of  sedimentary  origin,  chiefly  syenitic  gneiss  with  crystalline 
limestones,"  which  were  said  to  be  distinctly  int(M-l)edd(Ml.  Resting 
upon  these  on  l^ake  Temiscaming,  Logan  (h'scribed  in  the  same 
report  a  newer  series,  chiefly  of  chloritic  slat(;s,  holding  pebbles  of  the 
underlying  gneiss;  and  in  his  report  of  his  examination  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior in  1«4.')  (also  published  in  1847),  tl;t!SO  two  series  wen^  distinctly 
indicated  as  a  lower  formation  of  granitic  gneiss,  often  sycnitic!,  and  an 
upper  one  of  micaceous,  chloritic,  and  talcose  slates,  frequently  with 
epidote,  associated  with  hornblendic  rocks  and  greenstones,  rpuirtzites, 
and  conglomerates  including  pebl)les  of  the  older  rocks  ;  this  uj)[)er 
series  being  |)robal)ly  sev(U-al  thousand  feet  in  thickness. 

In  their  rejmrt  for  1851  on  the  geology  of  Lake  Superior.  IMessrs. 
Foster  and  Whitnev  also  described  these  crystalline  rocks,  includin<r 
the  two  divisions,  as  the  Azoic  system,  which  they  recognized  as  of 
sedimentary  origin.  The  farther  studies  of  the  Canadian  survey 
established  the  importance  of  the  two  divisions  and  the  necessity  of 
separate  designations  for  them;  and  in  Logan's  report  for  LSoo  (pub- 
lished in  1804)  the  name  of  the  Laurentian  series  was  given  to  the 
lower  formation,  which  forms  the  chief  part  of  the  elevated  region  to 
the  north-west  of  ilie  St.  Lawrence  to  which  the  title  of  the  Lanrentide 
Mountains  had  been  j>reviously  assigned.  The  name  of  Laurentian  has 
since  been  adoi)ted  for  the  similar  rocks  of  Continental  Euro[)e  and 
of  the  British  Isles.  In  1855,  the  designation  of  Iluronian  was  given 
by  the  Canadian  survey  to  the  upper  division,  including  the  series 
(Jiaracterizod  by  greenstones  and  talt^ose  and  chloritic  schists,  which  is 
largely  developed  on  the  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior  (where 
it  iiad  been  carefully  studied  and  map[)i'd  by  Mr.  Alexander  jMurray), 
and  constitutes  the  Huron  Mountains  to  the  south  of  the  latter  lake. 

The  subsetjuent  labors  of  Logan  on  the  Ottawa  establi>licd  clearly 
the  regularly  stratified  character  of  the  Laurentian  series,  of  which  he 
measured  about  20,000  feet,  consisting  of  four  gneiss  formations  sepa- 
rated by  three  limestcnes,   each  of  the  latter  having  a  thickness  of 


1 


*^ 


wwwsmsfBsm 


6  . 

from  1,000  to  1,500  feet,ftncl  nssociated  with  quartzites ;  the  whole  con- 
stituting !i  series  comparable  in  value  to  the  entire  lower  Taleozoit;. 
These  strata,  greatly  aflTected  by  undulations  and  penetrated  by  eruptive 
rocks,  were  by  Lot^an  traced  witli  infinite  labor  over  an  an-u  of  2,000 
sijiiare  miles  ;  and  u  geological  map  of  this  region,  {)ublislu(l  by  him  in 
the  Atlas  to  the  Geology  of  CiMiada  in  ISC.I.  is  the  first  attempt  to  un- 
ravel the  stratigraphy  of  this  most  ancient  and  disturbed  series  of  rocks. 
At  the  summit  of  this  series  was  found  a  mass  of  about  10.000  feet 
of  stratified   crystalline   rocks,   which,  unlike    those    below,  consisted 
chiefly  of  labradorite  and  hypersthene  rocks,  with  some  little  included 
gneiss  and  quartzite  and  a  band  of  crystalline  limestone.      This  series 
Logan  subsequently  showed  to  be  unconformable  to  the  older  gneisses, 
and  gave  it  the  name  of  Ui)per  I.aurentian,  subsequently  exchanged 
for  that  of  Labradorian  or  Norian. 

Indirect  evidence  that  these  lowest  rocks  were  not  really  Azoic  was 
soon  i)ointed  out,  and  in  1858  obscure  forms  rcsendiling  thosu  of 
Stromatopora  were  detected  in  the  Laurentian  limestones,  and  were 
exhibited  by  Logan  to  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  in  1«">9,  as  probably  organic;  but  it  was  not  till  18G4  that 
Dawson  announced  that  these  and  other  similiir  forms  were  the  remains 
of  a  gigantic  rhizopod,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Eozoon  Cana- 
dense.  TIk;  history  of  this  curious  form  is  well  known,  and  its  organic 
nature,  though  at  one  time  much  contested,  is  now  disputed  by  few. 

To  Logan  we  owe  a  large  part  in  the  investigations  of  the  Canadian 
Survey  which  have  established  the  following  great  fticts  in  the  geology 
of  the  Azoic  or,  as  they  may  lienceforth  be  called,  the  Eozoic  rocks  :  — 

I.  The  relations  of  the  Laurentian  as  a  great  stratified  series  of 
crystalline  rocks  of  a(pieous  origin,  occupying  a  pos=»ion  at  the  base  of 
the  known  geological  column  and  containing  evidences  of  organic  life. 

II.  The  fact  of  the  unconformable  superposition  to  the  Laurentian 
of  the  Upper  Laurentian  or  Norian  series. 

III.  The  first  recognition  that  unconformably  overiying  the  Lauren- 
tian was  still  another  series  of  crystalline  stratified  rocks,  the  Iluro- 
nian.  (The  relative  ages  of  the  Norian  and  Huronian  still  remain 
undetermined,  for  the  reason  that  they  have  never  yet  certainly  been 
found  in  juxtaposition.) 

IV.  The  fact  that  the  Laurentian,  Norian,  and  Huronian,  are  all  of 
them  unconformably  overlaid  by  the  lower  members  of  the  New  York 
Paleozoic  series. 

His  labors  on  the  Laurentian  rocks  were  continued  at  intervals  up 
to  1.HG7,  and  were  performed  with  an  amount  of  fatigue  and  sacrifice 


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of  personal  comfort  which  can  only  bo  understood  by  those  who  have 
hud  to  traverse  those  rugged  forest  regions.  He  often  wandered  for 
days  through  a  wilderness,  with  a  prismatic  compass  in  hand,  counting 
his  paces,  and  gathering  rock-specimens  us  he  went.  Ilis  notes,  mude 
in  pencil,  were  always  written  out  ouch  night  in  ink,  and  the  journey- 
ings  of  the  day  protracted,  often  by  the  light  of  the  camp-fire. 

In  the  intervals  of  these  investigations,  Logan  was  devoting  his 
attention  to  another  region  of  crystallint^jocks,  the  extension  of  the 
Green  Mountains  of  Vermont  through  ^Btu-n  Canada  to  a  point  a 
little  sodth-eiu*  of  (Quebec,  the  study  dWfe^cii  he  begun  in  1847. 
The  previous  attempts  to  establish  a  j)urull^Hi  between  the  geologi- 
cal succession  in  eastern  New  York  and  western  New  England  had 
led  most  American  geologists  to  suppose  that  the  crystalline  schists  of 
the  latter  region  were  the  stratigrai)hical  e(puvalents  of  the  lower 
members  of  the  New  York  Paleozoic  series  in  an  altenid  condition ; 
though  there  v/ere  not  wanting  those  who,  with  Emmons,  regarded 
these  crystalline  strata  as  a  part  of  the  primary  or  so-called  Azoic  seri(;3, 
Logan,  who  began,  as  was  his  custom,  to  work  out  the  stratigraphy  of 
these  rocks  in  miiuUe  detail,  accepted  the  views  of  the  majority  on 
this  disputed  (piestion,  and  endeavored  to  establish  a  parallelism  be- 
tween the  subdivisions  of  these  crystalline  strata  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tains and  their  prolongation  into  Canada,  and  the  uncrystalline  fossi- 
liferous  strata  which  are  found  everywhere  along  their  north-western 
base  from  the  valley  of  Lake  Chumplaiu.  These,  the  so-called  Ujjper 
Taconic  of  Emmons,  he  at  first  looked  upon  as  n'"^'^'     han     le  Tron- 


s,  assigned 

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ton  limestone,  but,  yielding  to  the  evidence  of  ovy- 
them  at  length  to  their  true  position  immodiatelv 
this  limestone,  and  named  them  the  Quebec  r;* 
crystalline  strata  were  really  newer  rocks  than  > 
lines  (of  which  they  include  fragments),  Logan  was  u;- 
and  spent  many  years  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  establish  ^  corre- 
spondence between  the  two  series  That  these  latter  rocks,  called  by 
him  the  "  altered  Quebec  group,"  belong  to  the  same  Huronian  series 
wliich  he  was  the  first  to  distinguish  farther  to  the  westward  as  of  pre- 
paleozoic  age,  will  now  be  questioned  by  none  who  have  compared  the 


two  regions. 


TJie  record  of  Logan's  later  life  is  little  else  than  that  of  his  patient 
and  unwearying  devotion  to  the  work  of  i\v  geological  survey  of  Canada, 
of  which  he  remained  the  director  for  twenty-five  years.  In  18(33,  he 
prepared  and  published,  with  the  aid  of  Professor  James  Hall,  a 
geological  map  of  north-eastern  America,  including  the  region  north  to 


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Jamefi's  Bay,  sonth  to  Virginia,  and  west  to  Nebraska.  This  map,  on 
a  HCivlc  of  twenty-livt)  miles  to  \\w  inch,  remains  the  most  (nmiplete 
attentpt  to  delineate  the  {,'eolo|^  of  the  region.  His  other  published 
works  lire  confined  to  the  roiK)rtl|  of  the  geologioal  survey,  and  a  few 
pajKirs  to  scientific  societies  on  khidred  subjects.  lie  had  little  aptitude 
for  literary  liibor,  and  found  thd  work  of  composition  difficult.  IIo 
rend»  ed  good  service  to  science  juid  to  his  native  country  at  the  inte;- 
nutional  exhibitions  of  18i^ind''18i"j.i,  being  a  juror  at  the  first,  and  a 
commisHioner  at  the  seco^^k  Oh  the  latter  occasion  ho  was  knrghted 
l)y  the  Queen,  and  by  ^^Hnnperor  Napoleon  made  a  chevalier  of  tho 
Legion  of  Honor,  in  ^^^i  order  he  was  subscffuenljy  raised  to  the 
rank  of  officer.  IIo  was  a  Fellov/  of  tlie  Royal  Society  of  London,  of 
the  Imperial  Leopoldo-Caroliniafi  Academy  of  Germany,  and  of  many 
other  scientific  societies.  In  the  year  1857,  he  was  president  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  AdvHUccment  of  Science. 

In  IHGI),  his  advancing  years  and  failing  health,  together  with  tho 
necessity  of  devoting  more  tine  to  his  -ge  estate,  led  him  to  resign 
his  position  as  director  of  tho  geological  surv'^y,  though  ho  still  con- 
tinued to  spend  a  portion  of  his  summer  in  grological  exploration, 
much  of  whidi  was  in  the  western  parts  of  Vermo^-i.  anti  Massachu- 
setts. The  incompleted  results  of  these  hist  few  years,  however, 
remain  unpublished.  IIo  left  his  home  in  Montreal  in  August,  1874, 
to  spend  the  autumn  and  winter  in  Great  Britain,  intending  to  re- 
turn to  his  geological  labors  in  the  spring;  but,  his  Imdily  ailments 
increasing,  he  died  and  was  buried  at  the  home  of  his  sister  in  Wales. 

Sir  William  Logan  was  unmarried,  and,  tliongli  genial  and  kindly  in 
his  social  relations,  led  a  solitary  and  very  retired  life.  His  work  in 
science  was  neither  that  of  a  pah ontologist,  a  lithologist,  or  a  miner- 
alogist ;  in  all  of  which  Separtnitnts  he  was,  throughout  his  career, 
ably  seconded  by  the  labors  of  Jai^ies  Hall,  Sterry  Hunt,  Dawson,  and 
Billings.  His  great  merit  was  the  possession  of  a  rare  skid  in  stra- 
tigraphy, and  an  amount  of  patience,  industry,  and  devotion  to  his 
work,  which  has  rarely  been  eipinlled,  and  hatfenabled  him  to  con- 
nect his  name  imperishably  with  the  geology  of  the  older  rocks. 


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T.  S.   H. 


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